Does the footnote ¹ go before or after the period?

After it. Chicago style puts note numbers after any punctuation, as at the end of this sentence.¹ The one exception is a dash, which the number goes before. Keep it attached to the preceding character with no space, so a line break can't strand it at the start of the next line.

How do I make ¹-style footnotes in Markdown?

Write `[^1]` where the note belongs and `[^1]: The note text.` on its own line anywhere below. GitHub and GitLab both render the marker as a small superscript link and gather the notes at the bottom of the page. Typing ¹ by hand gives you the look but none of the links back and forth.

Why does my regex [⁰-⁹] miss ¹, ² and ³?

Because they aren't in that range. They sit in Latin-1 at U+00B9, U+00B2 and U+00B3, while ⁰ and ⁴ to ⁹ start at U+2070, and [⁰-⁹] even catches the letter ⁱ at U+2071. List them explicitly: `[⁰¹²³⁴-⁹]`. To turn them into plain digits in Python, use `str.maketrans('⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹', '0123456789')`.

Why do DOS menu dividers show up as ÌÍÍÍ¹?

The screen was saved in code page 437 and is being read as Windows-1252, which turns the divider pieces ╠ ═ ╣ into Ì, Í and ¹. The rest of the frame goes the same way, with ║ as º and the corners as É, », È and ¼. Decode it as 437 when you load it, for example in Go with `charmap.CodePage437.NewDecoder().String(s)`.

ASCII 185

Superscript oneDouble box T-junction pointing left

ASCII 185 is ¹ on Windows and ╣ in old DOS.

¹ (Superscript One) is byte 185 in Windows-1252, Unicode U+00B9. It marks footnotes in plain text (as noted¹) and shows up in science, as in ¹H NMR spectra or exponents like 10¹. Units with negative exponents are where it runs short. Per second is s⁻¹, and the superscript minus ⁻ (U+207B) isn't in Windows-1252, so text limited to that code page ends up as s-¹ with an ordinary hyphen, or s^-1. In UTF-8 there's no reason for the workaround: write s⁻¹ directly. Its own UTF-8 bytes are C2 B9, which misread as Â¹. The HTML entity is ¹.

╣ (Double Vertical and Left) is byte 185 in code page 437, the original IBM PC character set, and maps to Unicode U+2563. It's the tee on the right side of an all-double frame, where a double divider ═ (205) meets the double side ║ (186); its left-side partner is ╠ at 204. Code page 850 kept this piece. It replaced every mixed single-double piece with letters and symbols but left the all-single and all-double sets in place, so a frame drawn only from pieces like ═ ║ ╔ ╗ ╠ ╣ displays correctly under either code page. In UTF-8 it's E2 95 A3, and the HTML entity is &boxVL;.

NumberBox Drawing

Technical Details

Code Example

</>

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    /* On Windows (code page 1252) byte 185 is ¹.
       Modern terminals expect UTF-8, so print the code point, not the byte. */
    printf("\u00B9\n");   /* UTF-8: C2 B9 */

    unsigned char b = 185;         /* the raw Windows-1252 byte */
    printf("%d 0x%02X\n", b, b);    /* 185 0xB9 */
    return 0;
}

Code Example

</>

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    /* Byte 185 is ╣ only on a console using code page 437
       (chcp 437 on Windows, or DOSBox). On a UTF-8 terminal the
       lone byte 0xB9 is invalid and prints as garbage, often �. */
    putchar(185);

    /* char is signed on x86, so a plain char holding 0xB9 is -71.
       Use unsigned char when you compare or index by byte value. */
    char c = (char)185;
    unsigned char u = 185;
    printf("\n%d %d\n", c, u);   /* -71 185 */

    /* Portable: print the Unicode character as UTF-8 instead. */
    printf("\u2563\n");          /* E2 95 A3 */
    return 0;
}

How to Type It

Windows: Hold Alt and type 0185 on the numeric keypad, with Num Lock on. The leading zero picks the Windows code page. No numeric keypad? In Word, type 00B9 and press Alt+X.
Mac: Press Control+Command+Space to open the Character Viewer, then search for "superscript one".
Linux: In GNOME, or any desktop running IBus, press Ctrl+Shift+U, type b9, then Space. With a Compose key set up, press Compose, caret, 1.
Phone: Tap the character at the top of this page to copy it.

How to Type It

Windows: Hold Alt and type 185 on the numeric keypad, with no leading zero. Windows reads it as a DOS code and inserts ╣. No numeric keypad? In Word, type 2563 and press Alt+X.
Mac: Press Control+Command+Space to open the Character Viewer, then search for "box drawings double vertical and left".
Linux: In GNOME, or any desktop running IBus, press Ctrl+Shift+U, type 2563, then Space.
Phone: Phone keyboards have no key for it. Tap the character at the top of this page to copy it.

Frequently Asked Questions

After it. Chicago style puts note numbers after any punctuation, as at the end of this sentence.¹ The one exception is a dash, which the number goes before. Keep it attached to the preceding character with no space, so a line break can't strand it at the start of the next line.
Write `[^1]` where the note belongs and `[^1]: The note text.` on its own line anywhere below. GitHub and GitLab both render the marker as a small superscript link and gather the notes at the bottom of the page. Typing ¹ by hand gives you the look but none of the links back and forth.
Because they aren't in that range. They sit in Latin-1 at U+00B9, U+00B2 and U+00B3, while ⁰ and ⁴ to ⁹ start at U+2070, and [⁰-⁹] even catches the letter ⁱ at U+2071. List them explicitly: `[⁰¹²³⁴-⁹]`. To turn them into plain digits in Python, use `str.maketrans('⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹', '0123456789')`.
The screen was saved in code page 437 and is being read as Windows-1252, which turns the divider pieces ╠ ═ ╣ into Ì, Í and ¹. The rest of the frame goes the same way, with ║ as º and the corners as É, », È and ¼. Decode it as 437 when you load it, for example in Go with `charmap.CodePage437.NewDecoder().String(s)`.

Frequently Asked Questions

The screen was saved in code page 437 and is being read as Windows-1252, which turns the divider pieces ╠ ═ ╣ into Ì, Í and ¹. The rest of the frame goes the same way, with ║ as º and the corners as É, », È and ¼. Decode it as 437 when you load it, for example in Go with `charmap.CodePage437.NewDecoder().String(s)`.

ASCII 185

Superscript oneDouble box T-junction pointing left

ASCII 185 is ¹ on Windows and ╣ in old DOS.

Number

Box Drawing

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {

/* On Windows (code page 1252) byte 185 is ¹.

Modern terminals expect UTF-8, so print the code point, not the byte. */

printf("\u00B9\n"); /* UTF-8: C2 B9 */

unsigned char b = 185; /* the raw Windows-1252 byte */

printf("%d 0x%02X\n", b, b); /* 185 0xB9 */

return 0;

}

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {

/* Byte 185 is ╣ only on a console using code page 437

(chcp 437 on Windows, or DOSBox). On a UTF-8 terminal the

lone byte 0xB9 is invalid and prints as garbage, often �. */

putchar(185);

/* char is signed on x86, so a plain char holding 0xB9 is -71.

Use unsigned char when you compare or index by byte value. */

char c = (char)185;

unsigned char u = 185;

printf("\n%d %d\n", c, u); /* -71 185 */

/* Portable: print the Unicode character as UTF-8 instead. */

printf("\u2563\n"); /* E2 95 A3 */

return 0;

}